Criminal Justice System of the Philippines - 3958 Words

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 53 THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF THE PROSECUTION IN THE PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Menrado Valle-Corpuz* INTRODUCTION The criminal justice system, essentially, is the system or process in the community by which crimes are investigated, and the persons suspected thereof are taken into custody, prosecuted in court and punished, if found guilty, provisions being made for their correction and rehabilitation. Prior to the advent of American sovereignty in the country, we had the Spanish law on criminal procedure. The Royal Decree of September 4, 1884, by virtue of which the Penal Code in force in the archipelago, as amended in accordance with the recommendations of the Code Committee, and its accompanying law—†¦show more content†¦Any person who—while in custody or otherwise deprived of liberty—is under investigation for the commission of an offense, has the following constitutional rights, among others: 1) He must be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel; 2) No torture, force, violence, threat, indimidation or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him; secret detention places, solitary, in communicado or other similar forms of detention are prohibited; and 3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of the foregoing shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. c. Refer the case and the suspects to the Office of the Public Prosecutor or Municipal Trial Court for preliminary investigation or directly to the Municipal Trial Court for trial and judgment. II. PROSECUTION PROCESS The investigation and prosecution of all cases involving violations of penal laws are lodged with the Department of Justice (DOJ) through its National Prosecution Service (NAPROSS). The DOJ is headed by the Secretary of Justice with three Undersecretaries assisting him. Aside from being the prosecution arm of the government, the DOJ shall have the following powers and functions: a. Act as principal law agencyShow MoreRelatedPersons Deprived of Liberty1523 Words   |  7 Pages2010 National Summit Declaration on Persons Deprived of Liberty Manila, Philippines â€Å"Collaborative Partnership in Enhancing the Dignity of Persons Deprived of Liberty† The participants, representing the Executive Branch, the Legislature, the Judiciary, other public institutions, civil society organizations, faith-based organizations and other partners, AFFIRMING the State’s constitutional obligation and adherence with international laws and covenants to protect and uphold fundamental rightsRead MoreCrime and Youth Care Facility1116 Words   |  5 PagesAMENDMENTS IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE amp; WELFARE ACT OF 2006 (AFFIRMATIVE SIDE/ PRO – FOR DEBATE) Few days ago, the Senate approved on final reading a bill amending Republic Act No. 9344, otherwise known as the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, in order to improve its implementation. I AM IN FAVOR OF THIS GREAT ACT BY OUR LAWMAKERS. We all know that Republic Act No. 9344 has been intended to protect the welfare of children in conflict with the law, majority of who are guilty of pettyRead MoreManagement and National Service Training1620 Words   |  7 Pages| 3 |    |    | Cs 123 s1 | File processing and database system | 3 |    |    | Cs 124 s1 | Computer programming i | 3 |    |    | Phys 121 l1 | College physics i | 4 |    |    | P.e 122 | Dance with music | 2 |    |    | Nstp 122 | National service training program ii | 3 |    |    |    | Semester 3 |    |    |    | Eng 213 | Research and technical writing | 3 |    |    | Nat sc 211 | Biological science | 3 |    |    | Soc sc 213 | Philippine history, constitution and government | 3 |    |    | PhysRead MoreHomelessness Thesis9065 Words   |  37 PagesHES Republic of the Philippines Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE NBP Reservation Poblacion, Muntinlupa City INTRODUCTION Homelessness is a critical issue that requires everyone’s attention. Hundreds of thousands of homeless people live on the streets as their shelter. Historically, homelessness has always been a problem in society. Homeless people were known as â€Å"the wondering poor†, â€Å"sturdy beggars†, and as â€Å"vagrants,† but it was not until the lateRead MoreHomelessness Thesis9057 Words   |  37 PagesHES Republic of the Philippines Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE NBP Reservation Poblacion, Muntinlupa City INTRODUCTION Homelessness is a critical issue that requires everyone’s attention. Hundreds of thousands of homeless people live on the streets as their shelter. Historically, homelessness has always been a problem in society. Homeless people were known as â€Å"the wondering poor†, â€Å"sturdy beggars†, and as â€Å"vagrants,† but it was not until theRead MoreA Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System10770 Words   |  44 PagesEFFECTIVITY OF THE PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM ABELARDO ELEANDRO B. ALB IS, JR. F. 11ADRONA ALICE P. 11ARINO LEONIDES S. RESPICIO To the builders of this nightmare Though you may never get to read these words I pity you; For the cruelty of your minds have designed the bel!; If mens buildings are a reflection of what they are, this one portraits tbe ugliness of all humanity. If you only had some compassion! -grafitti written 011 the wall of American State Prison I. INTROD UCTION A system is said to beRead MoreEssay on The International Military Tribunal for the Far East849 Words   |  4 PagesThe International Military Tribunal for the Far East Before assembling here today the Members of the Tribunal signed a joint affirmation to administer justice according to law, without fear, favor or affection. We fully appreciate the great responsibility resting upon us. There has been no more important criminal trial in all history. Certainly we are not a Senate or a House of Peers met for the impeachment of a Verrus or a Hastings, but a court of our respective countries. On the otherRead MoreSocial Justice Society (Sjs), Petitioner, vs. Dangerous Drugs Board and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (Pdea), Respondents. Facts: in Its Petition for Prohibition Under Rule 65, Petitioner Social Justice Society (Sjs)1441 Words   |  6 PagesEN BAEN BANC [G.R. No. 157870, November 03, 2008] SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIETY (SJS), PETITIONER, VS. DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD AND PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA), RESPONDENTS. Facts: In its Petition for Prohibition under Rule 65, petitioner Social Justice Society (SJS), a registered political party, seeks to prohibit the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) from enforcing paragraphs (c), (d), (f), and (g) of Sec. 36 of RA 9165 on the ground that they areRead MoreJuvenile Justice in the Philippines3079 Words   |  13 PagesJUVENILE JUSTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES -   A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE (ABSTRACT) Marianne Murdoch-Verwijs, LLM (Free University, Amsterdam)    BACKGROUND ON JUVENILE CRIME AND THE LEGAL SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN THE EARLY 1990s    The problems of street children and juvenile delinquents are much related social problems. To survive in the street you almost have to become delinquent. Exposed to criminal elements these children are vulnerable to prostitution, drug addiction and pushing and commission ofRead MoreVictims Rights and Restorative Justice3090 Words   |  13 Pagesdefinition of restorative justice has proved difficult. One definition is a theory of justice that focuses mostly on repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. The reparation is done through a cooperative process that includes all the stakeholders. Restorative justice can also be explained as an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition for restorative justice, however, is a process whereby

Value Added Tax of the Philippines - 3307 Words

Value-Added Tax is a form of sales tax. It is a tax on consumption levied on the sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and services in the Philippines and on importation of goods into the Philippines. It is an indirect tax, which may be shifted or passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of goods, properties or services. 1. What is a VAT registered individual? * Any person or entity who, in the course of his trade or business, sells, barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties and renders services subject to VAT, if the aggregate amount of actual gross sales or receipts exceed One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000.00). * A person required to register as VAT taxpayer but failed to register†¦show more content†¦Sale or importation of fertilizers; seeds, seedlings and fingerlings; fish, prawn, livestock and poultry feeds, including ingredients, whether locally produced or imported, used in the manufacture of finished feeds (except specialty feeds for race horses, fighting cocks, aquarium fish, zoo animals and other animals considered as pets); C. Importation of personal and household effects belonging to residents of the Philippines returning from abroad and non-resident citizens coming to resettle in the Philippines; Provided, that such goods are exempt from custom duti es under the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines; D. Importation of professional instruments and implements, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and personal household effects (except any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, machinery and other goods for use in the manufacture and merchandise of any kind in commercial quantity) belonging to persons coming to settle in the Philippines, for their own use and not for sale, barter or exchange, accompanying such persons, or arriving within ninety (90) days before or after their arrival, upon the production of evidence satisfactory to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that such persons are actually coming to settle in the Philippines and that the change of residence is bonafide; E. Services subject to percentage tax under Title V of the Code, as amended; F. Services by agricultural contract growers andShow MoreRelatedThe Tax Reform Act Of 19972179 Words   |  9 Pagesbecause the lower the tax burden the higher the revenue which equivale ntly paid out in forms of wages and salaries or dividends (Lynn, 2015). The word tax comes from the latin word taxo which means I estimate. It varies from different countries and how they are paid. In the Philippines, taxes can be grouped to national taxes and local taxes. National taxes are those based on the Tax Reform Act of 1997 also known as the Republic Act No. 8424. The Tariff and Custom Code of the Philippines which levied theRead MoreIndustry Analysis : Business Analysis1258 Words   |  6 Pages P.E.S.T.E.L Analysis â™ £ POLITICAL The VAT or the Value Added Tax, which is added up to the selling price of a good affects the business as a whole. Dough-It depends on it in the sense that it influences the price of the product and the frequency the customers will be willing to buy the product. â™ £ ECONOMICAL The inflation rate is a factor that Dough-It should consider. The inflation rate has an effect on the value of money and on customer behavior – it is the increase of overallRead MoreQ a - Review of Chart of Accounts - Philippines3652 Words   |  15 Pages1 Review of Chart of Accounts – Philippines Questions and Suggested Answers 1. In China GAAP, the bonds or stocks purchased are categorized as Held-for-trading or Available for sale or Long term investment, based on the purpose of purchase. Does Philippine GAAP have similar categorization? Philippine client want to separate the marketable securities to current or non-current, it means short or long term, right? Answer: The Philippine Financial Reporting Standards (PFRS) [based from InternationalRead MoreEconomic Problem in the Philippines1582 Words   |  7 Pages10 Economic Problems of the Philippines 1. Over-dependence on Global Economy The growth of the Philippines economy drastically slowed to just 3.6% in the first three quarters of 2011, which is significantly less than the 7%-8% growth targeted by administrations Philippine Development Plan (PDP). Though the slowdown may have been due to the ongoing global crisis, it was markedly slower in comparison to other South-East Asian neighbors. Economic performance figures indicated a contractionRead MoreTaxation Reviewer3672 Words   |  15 Pagesrevenues or to provide disincentives to certain activities within the state b. The state can have the power of taxation even if the Constitution does not expressly give it the power to tax c. For the exercise of the power of taxation, the state can tax anything at any time d. The provisions of taxation in the Philippine Constitution are grants of power and not limitations on taxing powers D 2. One of the characteristics of internal revenue laws is that they are: a. Criminal in nature b. Penal in natureRead MoreExport And Import Markets And Trade Balance Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthe country s Gross Domestic Product. The budget reached to an all-time high level of 3.02 % in 1995 and a record low of -2.53 in 2015. Figure 16. Debt to GDP trend of Indonesia Indonesian Government’s Debt to GDP was 27 % in 2015. The average value of Government’s Debt to GDP was 41.23 % in the period 2000 to 2014. It came to a record low (22.96 %) in the year 2012. 11. Competitive Index of Indonesia Figure 17. Competitive Index trend of Indonesia As per Global Competitiveness Report publishedRead MorePhilippine Tax System Assessment2678 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"TAX SYSTEM OF THE PHILIPPINES: ITS ASSESSMENT† I. INTRODUCTION Taxation: Defined As defined by Cooley, taxation is the process or means by which the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of government. It is expressed in another way as a method of apportioning the cost of government among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must, therefore, bear its burdens. In order to finance the necessary expenses of the governmentRead MoreRamos Administration : The Philippines Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration, the Philippines experienced economic growth but also encountered many economic difficulties due to of the lack of foreign investors and coup attempts. In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos, who was endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with only 23.6 percent of the votes in a seven-way race. Even though Ramos assumed presidency, analysts still viewed the Philippines as a risky investment based off the fact that the per capita income growth in the Philippines was significantlyRead MoreCase Digests7208 Words   |  29 PagesSalazar, Kristine Kim B. 4-DLM 1. Arturo Tolentino vs Secretary of Finance FACTS: Tolentino et al is questioning the constitutionality of RA 7716 otherwise known as the Expanded Value Added Tax (EVAT) Law. Tolentino averred that this revenue bill did not exclusively originate from the House of Representatives as required by Section 24, Article 6 of the Constitution. Even though RA 7716 originated as HB 11197 and that it passed the 3 readings in the HoR, the same did not complete the 3 readingsRead MoreUpdate the Recurring Sin Tax Law that Was Newly Implemented by Benigno Aquino3046 Words   |  12 PagesRationale of the Study This study was drawn to update the recurring sin tax law that was newly implemented by the President of the Philippines, Benigno Aquino by assessing its effect to the consumers of sin products and has given fruitful grounds and suggestions for future research in this field. In belief, the purpose of the imposition of excise tax on sin products is to raise revenues and discouraging the consumption of the tobacco products and alcoholic beverages. It is claimed that higher excise

Interracial Marriages Essay Example For Students

Interracial Marriages Essay Interracial Relations and MarriagesOutlineThesis statement,: The United States has witnessed a considerable social andcultural desegregation of Black and Caucasian Americans. However, despite yearsof desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show thesedifferences still exist in the institution of marriage. 1.Americans have beenand are continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.Since the 1960sBlacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B. Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1.Studentscat together. 2.Students study together, C.Black and Caucasianissues have converged. 11,notwithstanding these examples of desegregation,there are still signs, most clearly is apparent in the institution of marriagebetween Black and Caucasians. Ill. One of the major barrier.-, of interracial marriages lies in the familyof the couples. A.Louis, a Caucasian women, and Chuck, a Black man, weremarried in 1960. 1 .They have no prejudice about each other. emailprotected have mixed group of friends. 3,They had problems with family. a)Louis mother had asked her whyshe could not marry her own kind. b)This conflict finally caused the tiesbetween mother and daughter to break. B.Mama, a Caucasian Jewish, married a Black. I. None of her family members attended her wedding except her mother. 2.Her father told her that he could not believe that she married a Black. Nevertheless, she survived her family disapproval. IV.An unlikely source of problems for interracial married couples comesfrom religion. A.The majority of interracial married couples involved inChristian churches before marriage discontinue church membership and attendanceafter marriage. B.Couples search for churches that are like home. C. They are met with resistance from religious people who have been reported tohave said that if their children married a Black person, they would kill them. D. Every couple has their own crisis, but for some, the church officialswho are against divorce will turn around and recommend a separation. becausethe couple are a Black and a Caucasian. V.These churches need to face agrowing phenomenon. 1.In the Old Testament, God strongly opposesintermarriage. a)Ezra and Nehemiah challenge the people to repent overintermarriage. They describe it as Israels most sinful offense. 2.A closerlook at the passage reveals something else. a)Opposition to intermarriagearises when people of God marry those who worship a God other then Yahweh-B. The church must repent not only from bad theology but also for failing toprotest racist laws in the past. VI. The law is equally to blame for thesegregation, by causing tensions. A.Edgar and Jean and had twice stopped bythe police because they were walking hand in hand, but more so, because theywere Black and Caucasian. B.Law that supports the one drop theory. vii. The problems of interracial married couples also extends to their children. A. The Bronzes had sent their daughter to a pajama party at a Black families place. When they picked their daughter up the host family was surprised to see that herfather was Caucasian. B.Older children of interracial married parentsalso face problems. 1.They have to decided which parents culture to adopt. 2.They have to decided if they are Black or Caucasian. With all these problems, what brings these Black and Caucasian people together?A.Opportunity that an educated partner provides. B.How the partnerperceives the beauty of the other. C.The ability to communicate. D.The main reason, love. ix.It can be seen quite clearly that there are still attitudes that supportsegregation. A.It could possibly be true that the only way to makechanges involving segregation, is through marriage. Interracial Relations: MarriagesThe United States has witnessed a considerable amount of social and culturaldesegregation of Blacks and Caucasians. However, despite years of desegregation,social and cultural differences still exists. These differences still exist inthe institution of marriage. Americans have been and are continually movingslowly away from segregation. In the past forty years a multitude of changeshave transformed schools, jobs, voting booths, neighborhoods, hotels,restaurants and even the wedding altar, facilitating tolerance for racialdiversity ( Norman 108 ). Since the 1960s, when housing discrimination wasoutlawed, many Blacks moved into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. The steadilygrowing areas in the west and south-west are least segregated, because theseareas never had the entrenched Black and Caucasian sections of town ( Up Forseparatist 30 ). Even more visible signs of desegregation can be seen in theareas of education. A study done by the University of Michig an shows thatintegration on campuses occur on a regular basis. The racial line are crossedroutinely; about 50% of Blacks and 15% of Caucasians reportedly study together. Computer Network Security Alternatives EssayHalle Beny stated that it is important that multicultural individuals make achoice about race early in the life because even if they identify themselves asinterracial they will still be discriminated against as a person of color inthis country ( Norman 108 ). Knowing all these barriers and problems, whatbrings Black and Caucasian people together? According to a study done byMatthijis emailprotected, a factor that is consistently associated with intermarriage issocial class or status. Black outmarriage becomes gradually more common whenmoving up the occupational scale and more common among higher educated Blacks. Among Caucasians the pattern is reversed. It is believed that Caucasians aremore likely to many a Black spouse when it allows them to many a partner of highsocioeconomic prestige ( 119 ). The appreciation of a partners beauty and thecommon; the ability to communicate, and the main reason for marriage, love iswhat bring them together (Randolph 154 It can be seen conclusively, that parents,religion and the attitudes of people, in general, are the main causes to thefriction in interracial relationships and marriages. It is difficult, if notimpossible, to change the attitude of parents, the older generation, toinfluence the churches to accepting the patterns of new thought and identity. The older generation will not change because their ideas and thoughts have beeningrained in them. The current generation, who are also guilty of causingfriction, and the next generation must be educated to understand and acceptthese patterns of new thought, interracial marriages. Until these attitudes,that support segregation, are suppressed and eventually the only way to makechanges involving segregationChildren of interracial married couples learn tolerance within the family, whichallows these children to ad their experiences to others, in one way or another. Works CitedAunapu, Greg., et al., eds. Intermarried With Children. Time. Fall1993:64-68. Gilbereath, Edward. How Our Children Surprise Us. ChristianityT emailprotected . 7 Mar. 1994:32-34. Herring. Roger D. Development Biracial Ethnic Identity: A ReviewOf The Increasing Dilemma. Journal Of Muliticul tral C)unseline Development,23.1 (Jan. 1995): 29-39. Kalniijin, Matthijis. Trends in Black/WhiteIntermarriage. Social Forces. Sep. 1993:119-147. emailprotected, Barbara. Colorblind Love. Newsweek. 7 Mar 1988:40-42. Nfira, Harold. Love In Black And White. Christianitv Tod4y. 7Mar. 1994:18-20. Norman, Lynn. Am I Black, White Or In Between. Ebony. Aug. 1995:108-110. Perkins, Mtaii. Guess Who Is Confing To Church. ChristianityT emailprotected . 7 Mar. 1994:30-32. Randolph, Laura B. Black Women/White Man: Whats Going On? EboLny. Mar. 1989:154-158. Up for Separatism. Economist. 21 Oct. 1995: 30. Words/ Pages : 2,293 / 24

The Red Scare Essays (1069 words) - , Term Papers

The Red Scare In the 1940's and 1950's a massive strike of paranoia struck the US after The Second World War. This scare included millions of people being blacklisted and wrongfully accused of being communist sympathizers. Hollywood was politically attacked by an organization known as HUAC, or The House Un- American Activities Committee, and singled-out as propagandists and red sympathizers. The mass paranoia and state of chaos was only fed when a man named Joseph McCarthy saw an opportunity for political gain. Riots filled the streets. Labor strikes fell upon factories and the era of McCarthyism came into existence during this period of time in which we know as, "The Red Scare." World War II was a war that took place, respectively, from 1939 - 1945. During this war, the rise of Communism in Russia had just sparked. America and other 1st world countries saw Russia become a new world power and sent fears into others. One particular fear was the expansion of communism and fifth columnists, also known as spies in the government?s establishment. The Truman Doctrine that was announced in 1947, proclaimed that, "any advance of Communism, anywhere in the world, was a threat to the national interests of the United States" (quoted in Mack). This, according to Clayton, was the official start of the Cold War. During the beginning of this new era, a new fear broke out in the societies of the United States. This was the fear of the secrets of nuclear fusion being stolen, or already had been, and that a nuclear holocaust was just around the corner. ?This was greatly associated with the idea of Russian spies or "Fifth Columnists" were in the American governments establishment, stealing secrets and planning world domination? (Shmoop, 10). The fear of this was mainly upheld by government officials who sought a traitor in the mist. As time progressed, the paranoia only grew. An association arose known as the House of Un-American Activities Committee, or the HUAC. This particular committee believed that communists had taken over Hollywood and that the movies being written and produced were actions of communist propaganda and feared that the American society was being brainwashed. "Over 60 thousand actors, writers and directors were convicted as communist sympathizers by this committee and thus began Blacklisting" (EDhelper, 09). HUAC's blacklisting caused men and women all over the US to lose there jobs and even forced some to leave the nation. "It meant that their professional reputation was destroyed, and that no one would hire them for fear of being thought a communist,? said Barbara Mack, an Historical Expert on the Red Scare. As more and more people were blacklisted, trials were held on national television broadcast. ?The exploitation of these people caused fear in Hollywood, and many people stopped writing, and even left the country. They even questioned 10-year-old Shirley Temple." said Mack. This is the epitome of true paranoia. One man in particular, Joseph McCarthy a republican in senate, noticed the chaos and exploitation going on in the US and saw a opportunity to gain political power and rep by joining in on the blacklisting effort. "McCarthy's ""witch- hunt"" began in 1950 when he announced he had a list of 205 known communists employed by the state department." (Ranzer, 07) This immediately led to a jump in paranoia and fueled the entire Scare. McCarthy?s Era was told to be started at 1950 and it caused hundreds of people to lose there jobs, ruin family ties, and destroy lives. However his reign wouldn?t last. "McCarthy's own undoing began when he leveled his accusations against the United States Army." said Ranzer. This started when McCarthy insulted the American Army and the public. Trying to find a way out of this, he simply screamed "Communists" and the public widely saw his charges were never proven, and thus began to discredit him and he soon fell from popularity. Finally McCarthy was tried and was given a formal Censure, stating that his actions were inappropriate and further stated that he was "contemptuous and reprehensible." According to Ranzer, "On December 2, the senate voted 67 to 22 to censure McCarthy for inappropriate conduct of a senator." and removed him from office. McCarthy?s response to this was recorded as such. "I feel no

How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations

How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations By Mark Nichol The guidelines for quoting a person or a publication are detailed but straightforward. Here is a summary of basic procedures. If a quoted word, phrase, sentence, or longer unit of text is described appositively (that is, if a descriptive word or phrase equivalent to the text it describes is immediately adjacent to that text), as in â€Å"Consider the saying ‘A stitch in time saves nine,’† note that no punctuation intervenes between the description (here, saying) and the saying itself. However, if a simple attribution such as â€Å"Smith said† directly precedes a quotation, separate the attribution from the quotation with a comma: â€Å"Smith said, ‘A stitch in time saves nine.’† But if the attribution is an independent clause that sets the context for the quotation (as in â€Å"Smith had this to say about the issue: ‘A stitch in time saves nine’†), use a colon after the attribution, as shown. When a seamless integration of the attribution and the quotation occurs, omit punctuation between them and do not capitalize the first word of the quotation (unless it is a proper noun), even if it began a sentence in its original spoken or written form: â€Å"The commission asserts that ‘as a general rule, the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight.’† Reducing a full quotation to a partial one is also a good strategy when a speaker says something eloquent, pithy, or vivid but does so as part of a bland, convoluted, or ungrammatical statement. If the quotation is an incomplete sentence, or you want to isolate the effective part of the sentence, format the partial sentence as described above: â€Å"Smith said that he hoped to ‘knock some sense into people’ with his new program.† (Note that a paraphrase can follow as well as precede a partial quotation, with no intervening punctuation.) However, if it’s not necessary or desirable to use any of the source’s exact words, paraphrase the entire comment: â€Å"Smith said that he hoped to attract some attention to the issues with his new program.† When the attribution occurs in the midst of a quotation, commas should precede and follow the quotation: â€Å"‘As a general rule,’ the commission asserts, ‘the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight.’† Note that- in American English, at least- the first comma always precedes the close quotation mark(s), because it is part of the quotation, but the second comma precedes the open quotation mark(s), because it is part of the attribution. (Exercise caution when inserting an attribution near the beginning of a quotation, however; doing so before any significant information is provided within the quotation is distracting- why prematurely identify the source of what is, so far, nearly devoid of context or meaning?) Attribution often follows a quotation: â€Å"‘As a general rule, the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight,’ the commission asserts.† If an attribution divides one full sentence from one or more other sentences, the first sentence should end with a comma (or a question mark, an exclamation point, a dash, or an ellipsis) preceding the close quotation marks, but a period should follow the attribution, and the remaining quoted content should begin with a capital letter: â€Å"‘As a general rule, the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight,’ the commission asserts. ‘However, other parties may be involved in monitoring risk.’† (Avoid delaying attribution in a quotation consisting of two or more full sentences beyond one sentence, and even consider inserting the attribution in the midst of a long, convoluted sentence so as not to excessively postpone its appearance.) Use a question mark if the quotation is an interrogative or an exclamation point if the content of the quotation preceding the attribution merits that emphasis, employ a dash to indicate suddenly interrupted dialogue, or insert an ellipsis if the speaker deliberately leaves the statement unfinished. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)The Four Sounds of the Spelling OUThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Victim support and the criminal justice system Essay

Victim support and the criminal justice system - Essay Example Previous Governmental Approaches to Victim Support Over the years, the government has created a great deal of reports on the issue of victim support particularly in relation to domestic violence. The main aim of its 2003 report stated that it was â€Å"determined to prevent domestic violence happening...and to protect and support all victims†.1 As the years have passed, governmental approaches towards victim support have recognised that victims need to be given greater access to and degrees of support, yet this has so far failed to be implemented. It is evident however that the government’s focus on making â€Å"the sentence reflect the crime†2 has caused it to place more focus on the offender’s punishment rather than the victim’s need for support. This is particularly the case in instances of domestic violence. Endless references have been made which recognise the need to support victims in order that they be given help to â€Å"rebuild their live s†,3 yet interest in and focus on this need has been sporadic and never a central aim of the government in the past. However, 2009 saw a renewed need to support women and girls who were victims of domestic violence in particular, and the government once again quoted an onslaught of promising plans and strategies to increase access to support, advice and services.4 Arguably, these were never properly implemented, or were applied in a piecemeal fashion, causing support for victims to be patchy and incomplete at best. The approach of the government has certainly not been without its critics; it has been often commented that years after plans were published, they still have yet to be properly implemented in order to provide the support that victims so evidently need.5 There is evident focus placed on the criminal justice aspect of crime, which greatly derogates attention from providing victims with the requisite support. Indeed, it is often claimed that the government has missed t he point in attempting to support victims,6 a result of its mistaken assumption that â€Å"the criminal justice system alone can deal adequately† with victims of crime.7 The reality of proposals and plans is greatly different from the theoretical promises of those plans; funds have been pumped into arresting offenders while victim support services took a step back due to lack of funding and importance. For example, despite research proving that refuges for victims has a major positive effect, minimal funding was assigned to the creation and maintenance of refuges for victims of domestic violence in particular.8 There is blinding evidence that funding has been improperly directed towards offenders rather than victims; promises to increase the number of Rape Crisis centres have actually resulted in many centres being closed down due to major underfunding.9 The government has placed much focus on and investment in convicting offenders, while studies show that over 90% of victims who were given access to shelters felt that they had majorly improved access to safety.10 The acts of the government and its plans and promises have simply not be implemented in reality: victims still stand in the shadow of inappropriate focus placed on offenders and criminal justice.11 There is little doubt that the approach of the government has been unorganised, unstructured and incomplete, despite reports recognising that it should be the complete opposite.12 Such failure on the part of the

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

History - Essay Example Seven years later, Colonel Fairfax constructed a mansion situated on a high slope of land overlooking the river of Potomac in which he subsequently named Belvoir. At 16 years of age, George Washington stayed in Mount Vernon with his elder half brother and he became friends with George William Fairfax, the Colonel’s eldest son. He was a constant guest at the mansion in which the manor was developed and changed by George William and his wife Sally Cary into a center of culture and aristocratic elegance. Sixteen years after his father died in 1757, George William Fairfax and his wife rented out the manor as they went back home to England. The manor was rented for a decade where most part was destructed due to the War in 1812. The conflict continued and in 1814 the mansion was further destroyed by British cannons. In 1840, the Belvoir peninsula was bought by Philip Otterback family and made fisheries out of the Potomac River. In 1910, 1 500 acres of the land was sold to District o f Columbia where it was intended to be converted to a prison. The local citizens opposed to the project and for this reason, in 1912, the land was transferred to the war Department. In 1915, the land was named Camp Belvoir where engineer troops from Fort McNair, formerly called as Washington Barracks, conduct their trainings and became their rifle range. In 1917, the old name was changed to Camp A. A. Humphreys as a training camp for engineer troops for Word War I. The name was again changed to Fort Humphreys in 1922 and in 1935, post colonial era, it was permanently re-designated as Fort Belvoir. In 1938, the US government begins preparing for the possibility of being involved in enlarging world conflicts, at which time was the outbreak of World War II. In 1940, there was a massive influx of military trainees which prompted the government to purchase an additional 3 000 acres of land located north of U.S. Route 1. One training scheme is composed of an obstacle course which is a sim ulation of the field condition. With the war receding in 1945, activities of the Replacement Training Center and the Engineer Officer Candidate School were aborted and were not reactivated until 1950 with the Korean Conflict and in 1960 with Vietnam build up. During those times, distinguishable transformations in the manner of training programs were determined. From training, technology through research and development was incorporated in warfare. The transformation consisted of establishment of chemical/biological/radiological school on the North Post while a close combat range was formed south of the village of Accotink. The laboratories formulated and trialled new techniques for electrical power generation, camouflage and deception, methods of handling materials and fuel, bridging, and mine detection. Other experimentations also included portable map copying machines, fungicides for use in tropical environments, and heavy earth-moving equipment. One breakthrough in the field of r esearch and development is the construction of SM-1 (Stationary, Medium Power, and First Prototype) Nuclear Plant. This was intended to provide commercial electricity and decrease the Department of Defense’s dependency on fossil fuels. The SM-1 Plant was first used on 1957 and its operations lasted for 16 years. For 30 years, from 1950 to 1980, the expansion of Fort Belvoir was witnessed. The post became